As of May 2020, it remained unclear if any of these conditions have been met for COVID-19. On 24 April 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) stated that "At this point in the pandemic, there is not enough evidence about the effectiveness of antibody-mediated immunity to guarantee the accuracy of an 'immunity passport'". For example, research published in April 2021 shows that the Pfizer vaccine effect lasts for at least six months.

Many countries may increasingly consider the vaccination status of travelers when deciding to allow them entry or whether to require them to quarantine. “Some sort of vaccine certificate will be important” to reboot travel and tourism, according to Dr David Nabarro, special envoy on COVID-19 for the World Health Organization (WHO), in February 2021. Countries experimenting with or seriously considering COVID-19 immunity passports include Aruba, Britain, and Israel.

In some cases, an immunity passport will be combined with a vaccination certificate, so that both people who survived COVID-19 and people who have been vaccinated will use the same type of documentation. In January 2021, Israel announced that all Israelis who have received their second vaccination, as well as all who have recovered from an infection, will be eligible for a "green passport" that will exempt them from isolation requirements and mandatory COVID-19 tests, including those on arrival from overseas. The passport will be valid for 6 months.

In March 2021, the WHO's director of digital health and innovation Bernardo Mariano said that "We don't approve the fact that a vaccinations passport should be a condition for travel." Lawmakers in several US states are also prematurely considering legislation to prohibit COVID-19 immunity passports.

As of 4 April 2021, it is not yet clear whether vaccinated people that remain asymptomatic are still contagious and are thus silent spreaders of the virus putting unvaccinated people at risk. "A lot of people are thinking that once they get vaccinated, they’re not going to have to wear masks any more," said Michal Tal, an immunologist at Stanford University. "It’s really going to be critical for them to know if they have to keep wearing masks, because they could still be contagious."

Marjorie Taylor Greene, a newly elected Republican US Representative for Georgia, told her supporters on Facebook in early April 2021 that "something called a vaccine passport" was a form of "corporate communism" and part of a Democratic effort to control people's lives.[23] However, a representative survey of the U.S. population showed that, prior to the issue becoming politicized, public views on immunity passports were evenly split and the divide crossed, rather than followed, political and ideological lines.

On 15 March 2021, the US federal government opined that it should not be the one verifying COVID-19 vaccination and that any processes developed should be free, private and secure when Andy Slavitt, White House senior adviser for COVID-19 response, stated: "It should be private. The data should be secure. Access to it should be free. It should be available both digitally and in paper and in multiple languages. And it should be open source." He also said "It's not the role of the government to hold that data and to do that". Later, on 6 April 2021, an announcement was made that the US federal government would not introduce mandatory vaccine passports, citing privacy and human rights concerns.

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